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162 key projects, hundreds of imported machines from the Soviet Union and other projects assisted by Soviet experts. ——The 156 items are only "key points", and there are "non-key points" that are not included in it.Historically, there were as many as 920 Soviet aid projects of this general type. Now that there is a little more foreign exchange due to the increase in exports, the total number of Soviet aid projects may be more than 920.
Among the key projects, the Fulalkite Steel Plant, which is expected to be completed in 1957, and Wu Special Steel, which is expected to be completed in 1958, are helpful to the peace plan.
In addition, Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Factory, Yangjiazhangzi Molybdenum Mine, Jilin Dyestuff Factory and Taiyuan Chemical Factory can also provide some industrial raw materials.
In terms of machinery, Shenyang No. 1954 Machine Tool Factory was put into operation in 1958, Luoyang Ball Bearing Factory was put into operation in 1960, and Xi'an High Voltage Electric Porcelain Factory is expected to be put into operation in [-].
But all of this doesn't seem to be enough.
Assuming that the Soviet Union provided aid to the stage of yellow cake production, a special chemical plant was needed to produce hydrofluoric acid, and then a chemical plant was built next door to add hydrofluoric acid to yellow cake to produce uranium hexafluoride.
Assuming that the two chemical plants with two-star difficulty are completed, the next step is the isotope separation plant with three-star difficulty. The only available technology is the gas diffusion method.
Gas diffusion isotope separation equipment is a zero-start in China...
Next, uranium hexafluoride 235 turns back into metal uranium 235.Metal uranium block casting molding processing.The difficulty is slightly lower, and it looks like two stars, one of which is because of the toxicity and danger of uranium 235.
But whether it is two-star or three-star difficulty, these factories do not have it now.And these plants are the core plants of the nuclear industry, and the few plants selected from the 156 items are only auxiliary production plants.And there is no reactor for experimental testing.
Just like a joke said: "If you are jealous at night, who can borrow some dumplings?"
However, regarding the matter of the reactor, it is best to go to the Institute of Modern Physics and ask.
……
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
"Minister Tang, Professor Qian, things on my side have progressed again."
Deng Jiaxian's expression was still as calm as before, but excitement was revealed in his words.
"For the calculation of uranium nuclear fission, mass-energy reaction, and neutron mass, I re-calculated in more detail, and also referred to all the documents that can be found abroad. It should be said to be very detailed. Last time I drew a The concept drawing of the reactor, this time mechanical engineering experts from Beijing Institute of Technology and Jianxin Company also came to assist me, according to the direction of the heavy water reactor you mentioned, we designed a detailed and constructible drawing."
Blueprints are large rolls of paper.The first one that Tang Hua saw was the overall structure diagram, followed by various subsystem diagrams and parts diagrams.
"The most important parameter for reactor operation safety, the neutron deceleration performance of heavy water, I have also done repeated calculations. These are the calculation process and theoretical results." Deng Jiaxian pointed to another stack of manuscripts.
The graphite reactor is the earliest and most commonly used nuclear fission reactor.The conceptual design of the heavy water reactor also appeared very early. The nuclear reactor that Nazi Germany once planned to build was a heavy water reactor, but the half ton of heavy water they saved was blown up by the Allies, and it was not built in the end.
Heavy water, like graphite, has good neutron moderation properties and can be used as a moderator.The thermal neutron absorption cross section of heavy water is smaller than that of graphite, so the nuclear fuel used in heavy water reactors can have a lower concentration of uranium 235 than that of graphite reactors. When isotopes are separated, the gas diffusion plant does not need to go through so many processes.
After the launch of China's nuclear program, a heavy water reactor built with the aid of the Soviet Union played a great role in nuclear engineering and became the "paving stone" for my country's nuclear technology research.
Qian Sanqiang: "Heavy water reactor... not bad. At least, we don't need to find graphite ore and make high-purity graphite in the first stage."
Deng Jiaxian: "Graphite will be needed sooner or later. I am also designing detailed drawings of graphite piles. I have a bold idea now: negotiate with the Soviet Union and let them sell us some 4% enriched uranium. all parts of the reactor."
Only ask for uranium, and make everything else by yourself? !
Tang Hua's heartbeat suddenly accelerated, and he turned to look at Deng Jiaxian.
……
"If the 4% uranium can be negotiated, and we can get rid of the graphite reactor, then our country may obtain weapon-grade plutonium-235 before obtaining weapon-grade uranium-239." Tang Hua asked Deng Jiaxian, "Have you Have you deduced a model of the plutonium bomb?"
Deng Jiaxian: "The 'Fat Man' dropped by the United States, I am speculating on its configuration based on the available information, and there are some results so far. The research progress of the uranium and plutonium bombs of the implosion method is about the same here, and it is not as good as the gun method. The uranium bomb. The shooting method is too simple. All I do is purely theoretical calculations. After the test reactor is put into production and more detailed first-hand data is obtained, I have to adjust the configuration of the atomic bomb. But with the help of the computer, the adjustment will be soon."
A specially designed graphite water-cooled natural uranium thermal neutron reactor is called a "plutonium production reactor".
After the reactor is in operation, the uranium 4 with a concentration of less than 235% undergoes a chain reaction while the neutrons produced also hit the uranium 238 in the fuel rods by the way.Uranium 238 absorbs a neutron and turns into uranium 239. Uranium 239 is unstable and undergoes beta decay soon to become neptunium 239. Neptunium 239 is also unstable and soon undergoes beta decay to form plutonium 239.The fuel rods in the plutonium production reactor produce a large amount of plutonium-239 and the production speed is fast. After the fuel rods are burned inside, the plutonium-239 can be extracted and refined.
The good news is that extracting plutonium-239 from fuel rods containing plutonium-235, uranium-238, uranium-239, and some other transuranic elements requires only chemical purification, not painful isotope separation.
The difficulty is slightly lower than the separation of uranium 235 in the gas diffusion plant, about 2.5 star difficulty.That 0.5 star is because the fuel rods containing plutonium 239 and weird nuclear reaction products are super super super super super super radioactive and toxic.
According to the scene described by Deng Jiaxian now, it is not "I am jealous at night, who can borrow some dumplings?", but "the wheat is already ripe and is being harvested, who can borrow some meat stuffing?"
……
Now that Tang Hua is writing the plan, the key issue is "how to get the meat stuffing".
On the draft paper, Tang Hua first wrote two time points and divided the timeline into three sections.
第一段是1953到1955年2月。第二段是1955年2月到1957年6月。第三段是1957年6月——
In February 1955, Khrushchev accused Malenkov of being mainly responsible for the Leningrad incident at the Supreme Soviet meeting. Malenkov was dismissed from the position of chairman of the Council of Ministers and Khrushchev took over.
After Khrushchev came to power, his position was not stable. In June 1957, Malenkov gathered a group of senior officials to attack Khrushchev.Khrushchev used 6% of his skills to resolve the crisis and asked Beijing for help.After consideration, the chairman decided to support Khrushchev.
After the death of Stalin, the chairman was the oldest and most prestigious leader of the socialist camp. If the chairman praised Khrushchev, then Malenkov was completely hopeless.In return, Khrushchev also packaged aid projects that had been hesitant before, such as atomic bombs and nuclear submarines, to China.
February 55 and June 2 were two turning points or watersheds, through which Khrushchev's aid to China reached its peak.
but……
Was June 1957 a little bit late?
Tang Hua put a big question mark online during the period from 1953 to February 1955.
Chapter 19, The Grand Parade and Disarmament
"The National Day celebration ceremony for the fourth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China was solemnly held in Tiananmen Square in the capital today."
"This year's National Day, the people of the capital, like the people of the whole country, are particularly elated, because our people have won a great victory in the struggle to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, basically completed various social reform movements to eliminate the remnants of the three major enemies, and successfully ended the economic crisis. work during the recovery period, and thus steadily started planned economic construction."
"Today, the national flag and lanterns are hung everywhere in the capital of the great motherland, and huge slogans are hung on many tall buildings, calling on the people of the whole country to make concerted efforts to realize the socialist industrialization of the country and complete socialist transformation. Struggle for the transition to socialism, carry out the patriotic campaign to increase production and save money, and strive to complete and overfulfill the national plan."
"At dawn, a mighty flow of people poured into Tiananmen Square from factories, schools, villages, streets, alleys, and from all directions. On the Tiananmen Gate tower hangs the shining golden national emblem. In the middle of the Tiananmen City Wall hangs A huge portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong, the great leader of the Chinese people. The clear sky, the red walls, golden tiles, and thousands of colorful flags fluttering in the wind set off the resplendent Tiananmen Gate Tower, making it more solemn than ever and great."
"Today, the delegation of the Chinese People's Volunteers who triumphed in the battle to liberate Taiwan and the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea on National Day is on the Tiananmen viewing platform. The heroic People's Liberation Army and Volunteer Army delegations are warmly welcomed. particularly striking."
……
On October 1953, 10, the annual National Day military parade.
Tang Hua's position is about the same as last year, on the left corner of the tower.
The military parade on the fourth anniversary of the National Day mainly reflected three major events: the successful armistice to resist US aggression and aid Korea, the smooth liberation of Taiwan, and the implementation of the first five-year plan.
"Vice Premier Chen." Before the military parade officially started, everyone went up to the tower one after another. The chief accountant was located near Tang Hua—they were all from the Government Affairs Council system, and they all gathered here.
"Tang Hua," the chief accountant saw Tang Hua as soon as he came up, "The nuclear weapons report you drafted two days ago made Caijingkou very passive."
Tang Hua: "Vice Chairman Gao said the same thing."
The chief accountant coughed and stopped talking.
From July to the end of August, the Central Political Bureau meeting/Central Financial Work Conference, the chief accountant issued a false note before the meeting and went to Dalian to recuperate. However, he still did not escape. In August, the chairman sent a telegram to come back from Dalian for the meeting. .