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"The second one of TK-1 and TK-2 is equipped with a laser gyro. But it does not participate in the control of the rocket's flight attitude." Qian Xuesen said, "The control of the rocket is still completed by the inertial gyro. But the laser gyro will use the magnetic core memory Record the parameters it measures."
Tang Hua: "Then compare it with the radar telemetry data of the experimental base to get the measurement accuracy of the laser gyroscope."
……
Both TK-1 and TK-2 sounding rockets use liquid propellant, the oxidant is nitric acid, and the fuel is a mixture of aniline and sugar alcohol.
TK-1 is 5.5 meters long, 0.6 meters in diameter, and is expected to fly at an altitude of 30 kilometers. TK-2 is 10.5 meters long, with a primary diameter of 0.8 meters and a secondary diameter of 0.6 meters. It is expected to fly at a height of 70 kilometers.
TK-1 has actually been tested twice near Beijing, so this time the TK-1 with a booster on the basis of TK-2 is also brought to the test. The test of TK-1 in Wuliangsuhai is mainly It's for testing laser gyroscopes.
"Old money, you can actually use a higher energy propellant," Tang Hua said. "The Bureau of Iron and Steel Industry is studying the top-blown converter steelmaking technology. Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant has two sets of oxygen generators."
"Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen rockets, the liquid hydrogen pump is too difficult to control; liquid oxygen and kerosene rockets, it is troublesome to separate liquid oxygen and kerosene, and it is difficult to increase the specific impulse of liquid oxygen and kerosene engines. It will take more than ten years for liquid oxygen and kerosene to enter Practical."
"Why not try a liquid oxygen methane rocket?"
"The specific impulse is between the hydrogen-oxygen engine and the liquid oxygen kerosene engine, and the volume is between the two? Maybe you can try it. But it is better to design two nitric acid engines first."
"That's right, Fulalkite Steel hasn't been officially put into production yet, and many types of special steel can't be produced," Tang Hua said. It’s going to take a while.”
Qian Xuesen: "CNC machining center?"
"A comprehensive metal processing platform based on CNC machine tools. CNC machine tools are devices that use digital signals to control the movement of the machine tool. You will know how easy it is to use."
……
"Mr. Tang, my name is Huang Weilu."
Tang Hua turned his head and saw the deputy chief designer of Dongfeng-1, 2, and 3.
Qian Xuesen: "I have a master's degree from Imperial College, University of London, and I am now the deputy director of the Academy's Ballistic Missile and Launch Vehicle Research Center."
"I've heard that, hello, hello," Tang Hua and Huang Weilu shook hands, "You also participated in the development of sounding rockets?"
"I am mainly responsible for the design of control technology and devices, and I also received great assistance from the Beijing Institute of Computer Science."
Qian Xuesen: "Deputy Director Huang has a background in radio and electrical engineering, and has a deep understanding of control systems and electromechanical systems. I handed over the control system to him, and I am responsible for the overall design of the engine and fuel tank."
One is the control system, the other is the missile body and rocket engine. Tang Hua feels that these two people have taken care of the development of TK-1 and TK-2, and the rest can be done by ordinary staff.
"I can't wait any longer now. Hurry up and take this sounding rocket to the sky to see it." Tang Hua said.
Qian Xuesen: "The special train that transports the fuel is a little later, and it should arrive tomorrow. We will prepare overnight tomorrow and test the launch the day after tomorrow."
Chapter 53, the first space exploration?
The Ballistic Missile and Launch Vehicle Research Center seems to be developed by Qian Xuesen in accordance with the model of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
In other words, Qian Xuesen reorganized a Jet Propulsion Laboratory in China.
Staffing is lean, much like JPL.
There are 7 research laboratories under the Ballistic Missile and Launch Vehicle Research Center. Qian Xuesen is also the director of the overall design department. The test research laboratory is not counted as the core research position. And TK-5 held up.
Of course, the research center is a secret department under the Advanced Technology Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. Under the research center is the General Administration of Aerospace Industry, which was upgraded from the Aviation Industry Bureau. Now there are more than 20 factories and 3 ballistic missile-related The research institute is responsible for the development of components and some individual technologies.
The General Administration of Aerospace Industry is controlled by Tang Hua in the Ministry of Heavy Industry. If there is an industrial demand that exceeds the General Administration, the Ministry of Heavy Industry can coordinate.
The research is very "tiger", which is also very similar to JPL.Qian Xuesen didn't intend to start with plagiarism and imitation, but to design a new liquid rocket engine from scratch to find a sounding rocket.The V-2 ballistic missile smuggled back from Germany was sent to Beihang University as a teaching aid.
……
"Old money, the nitric acid oxidizer can actually be used as a mass-produced service model," Tang Hua said, "The Soviet Union is developing a medium-to-high-altitude air defense missile S75, which is a two-stage propulsion type. Its first stage is a solid rocket booster. The second stage is a liquid rocket engine with red smoke nitric acid and kerosene."
"Middle and high altitude air defense, this S75 is a replacement product of the S25."
"Basically yes. We are roughly sure to equip this thing, because we have participated in the development of the S75's fire control computer and missile loading circuit, so it is not difficult to talk about introducing this."
"In fact, the use of red smoke nitric acid is not as good as direct use of dinitrogen tetroxide, which has greater energy." Qian Xuesen said.
Red smoke nitric acid is part of dinitrogen tetroxide dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. The mass composition is about 84% nitric acid, 13-14% dinitrogen tetroxide and 2-3% water.Nitric acid will volatilize when it is opened, and dinitrogen tetroxide will also be partially decomposed into red nitrogen dioxide gas to volatilize, so it is called red smoke nitric acid.
Tang Hua: "Red smoke nitric acid is relatively stable and has a longer storage period. Dinitrogen tetroxide can only be filled before launch. This is not for tactical missiles, but a propellant formula for launch vehicles. .”
……
The next day, a strictly guarded military column arrived at Wuliangsuhai.There are a total of six wagons in the military column. One wagon has a tank of concentrated nitric acid, and the other wagon contains a mixture of aniline and sugar alcohol. The middle is separated by 4 wagons that do not contain any cargo.
In the technical support area, Tang Hua checked the technical parameters of the TK-2 rocket, and then recalculated on the computer.
TK-2 is designed to shoot at a maximum height of 70 kilometers. If it does not fly upwards almost vertically but goes out obliquely, it will probably fall at a distance of 210 to 240 kilometers.
"Old Qian, this missile has already entered the threshold of short-range ballistic missiles." Tang Hua said.
“射程200多公里的弹道导弹没有什么难度，也没有太大的实战价值。而且它的有效载荷只有100到110公斤。”钱学森说，“今后TK-1和TK-2主要作用是发动机原理测试和高空大气取样。”
The series of rocket engines Qian Xuesen is working on include:
hydrogen peroxide-alcohol engine;
hydrogen peroxide - kerosene engines;
Nitric acid-kerosene engine;
nitric acid-alcohol engine;
Nitric acid-hydrazine fuel engine.
These engines are all tested on a small verification machine on TK-1.On the one hand, it is to try to see if it can work, and on the other hand, it is to exercise the design and manufacturing experience of the Ballistic Missile and Launch Vehicle Research Center.
When meeting Tang Hua in Wuliangsuhai, Qian Xuesen felt that nitrous oxide could be put on the agenda.
In addition, since the domestic iron and steel industry system already has machines for producing liquid oxygen, liquid oxygen series rocket engines are also on the agenda, first liquid oxygen-methane, then liquid oxygen-kerosene, and finally liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen.
……
Rocket fuel was delivered on the morning of August 8, and the Hongqi-27 missile was delivered in the afternoon.
红旗-3预留给S75（萨姆-2），红旗-4其实是红旗-1/2的合体，两种导弹使用相同的发射车、火控雷达、指挥车、搜索雷达，只是配装不同的导弹时配用不同的装填车。
In June 1953, China and the Soviet Union jointly launched the development of Hongqi-6. The initial work was mainly on the refurbished propellant formula and the new solid rocket motor. In February 4, when Tang Hua was in the Soviet Union, these two improvements had already made breakthroughs. The first Manufacture sample bomb and cast solid propellant grain at one time.However, during the manufacturing process, it was found that a process problem was difficult to solve. Air bubbles might be mixed in the solid propellant, and it took more than two months to solve it.
"Our low-to-medium-altitude anti-aircraft missiles are also unique now." Qian Xuesen said, "I think that the Geneva conference, where the Americans finally sat down and signed the agreement, has a lot to do with China's ground-based air defense weapon system. The Red Flag The performance of -1 and Hongqi-2 in the Korean battlefield accounted for at least [-]% to [-]% of the credit."
During the Geneva meeting, China deliberately released the news of building large bomber bases in Hainan Island and Guangxi. The Soviet Pacific Fleet sent two warships equipped with Haihongqi-2 from the Yellow Sea to the East China Sea. in a circle.
One of them is one of the four Type 07 destroyers scheduled to be handed over to China. At this time, one-third of the ships are already operated by PLA sailors.