roccoschili Page 526
Page 526
After celebrating the birthday, the delegation visited several cities in East Germany, among which they stayed in Jena for two full days, longer than in Berlin.
Jena is the birthplace of Zeiss. In 1846, Carl Zeiss established a precision optical instrument factory in Jena and produced the first microscope in 1847.
In 1945, after Germany surrendered, George Patton risked the United States and the Soviet Union to tear their face apart, and sent troops across the border to occupy Jena. The engineers and technicians of the Zeiss company moved away without any cash and foundation accounts, and another Zeiss company was established in Oberkochen.
Zeiss in West Germany is now called Carl Zeiss AG, and Zeiss in East Germany is called Carl Zeiss Jena.
Since the end of 1950, Chinese orders and customized demands have been continuously sent to Jena. At the peak, Chinese orders accounted for 60% of Dongcai's export value.After the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea and the Changchun Optical Instrument Factory started production, the order volume dropped slightly, but Dongcai is still in the absolute leading position in the field of infrared optical lenses.
Due to the close cooperation between Dongcai and China, the commander-in-chief and Nie Shuai were warmly received by the city government and Dongcai company in Jena. The delegation visited Dongcai's factory. Nie Shuai and Dongcai also signed a batch of infrared The import contract for optical components—the Thunderbolt-1 infrared-guided air-to-air missile head will be used for mass production in one or two years.
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Among Eastern European countries, Romania's trade cooperation with China in the past year is also very important.After the discovery of the Shengli Oilfield last year, China ordered a large number of petroleum machinery from Romania. Romania was a large oil-producing country at that time, and the petroleum machinery industry was fully equipped, and its technical level may be higher than that of the Soviet Union.
The delegation stayed in Romania and Czechoslovakia for a long time. The special train of the Chinese delegation arrived in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia. Novotny, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Party, and Siroki, the prime minister of the government, greeted them in person.The Shenyang No. 1955 Machine Tool Factory (Zhongjie Friendship Factory), which was aided by the Czech counterpart in China, was put into operation in [-].
Last year, the No. [-] Machinery Bureau of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering redid the ammunition for pistols and submachine guns. When conducting extensive selection, ammunition and firearms from the Czech Republic also participated in the selection.
In addition to Czech aiding China, China also aided Czech porcelain factories - there are good porcelain clay resources in the Czech Republic, and if there are qualified craftsmanship, the porcelain produced after use is also good.
After the Czech Republic came Poland.The current economic and trade exchanges between Poland and China are not very developed, but Warsaw, Poland is the headquarters of the Warsaw Pact Political Consultative Committee.
"When we contacted Polish cadres and the masses, when we talked about the Soviet Union, they responded very coldly; when we talked about China and Yugoslavia, they responded more enthusiastically."
"Polish cadres and intellectuals generally respect the chairman. A comrade from their organization department even said during a meeting that after Stalin's death, the chairman was the most prestigious leader in the socialist camp."
On February 2, the delegation of Commander-in-Chief Nie Shuai, Li Fuchun's Tang Huatuan, and Chief Accountant Ye Jizhuang's delegation met in Moscow.After the meeting, the commander-in-chief's delegation first talked about a lot of things during their visits to Eastern European countries.
Chief Accountant: "Do they know the Chairman so well? Volumes [-], [-], and [-] of Selected Works of Mao have not been translated into Polish yet."
"Perhaps they read the Russian version?"
Tang Hua just smiled and didn't speak.
The Polish comrades are so enthusiastic, probably not because they are familiar with the chairman's works, they mainly don't like the Soviet Union...
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On February 2, Li Fuchun, Tang Huatuan and chief accountant Ye Jizhuang had already contacted the China Economic and Trade Commission. On February 2, the third day of the talks, the two sides reached an agreement: China will attend the regular meeting of the Economic Mutual Assistance Committee as an observer.
The positions of the two sides in the talks are relatively close, and there is no contradiction.
Since February 2th, there has been nothing to do in the economic and mutual meeting. It is mainly about economic cooperation and industrial introduction negotiations between China and the Soviet Union.
China just intends to attend the meeting of the economic and mutual exchange meeting as an observer country.The principle of mutual assistance of the Economic and Mutual Association has nothing to do with China, and is not bound by these rules and regulations. However, when the Economic and Mutual Economic Association conducts free trade activities, observer countries can also participate together. Those who hold trade fairs hold trade fairs, and those who hold exhibitions hold exhibitions.
The Secretary-General and the Executive Committee of the Economic Exchange have no current plans to expand the membership of the Economic Exchange from Europe to other continents.
Although the West regards the Economic Cooperation Council as "the European Community of Eastern European countries", in fact it is quite different from the European Community.
If there is an analogy for the Economic and Trade Council, it must also be compared to the Western European order established after the Marshall Plan.
But the difference between the United States and the Soviet Union is that the United States established a system of sucking blood from its allies through trade operations and financial systems after the war. The sky is slashing people with knives everywhere.When the younger brother's blood is almost absorbed, search for a new younger brother.
The Soviet Union... The Soviet Union does not suck blood, at least the Soviet Union itself thinks so.However, selling blood in the Soviet Union did not support a group of younger brothers who could fight. Whenever a major incident happened, the Soviet Union had to swing its own knife to end it, chopping this and that.
The problem with the Economic and Interaction Conference is first of all that there are not enough countries and the country base is small, so it is difficult to find a win-win trade point for both parties. However, the Soviet Union must establish trade links with Eastern European countries, so it can only forcefully pull out some that are only "one-way beneficial". trade.Then the Soviet Union paid too much attention to the trade between the Soviet Union and the seven Eastern European countries, ignoring the complementary trade between the seven countries, and the problem was even bigger.
The United States is dominant in this regard. The number of its underlings is several times that of the Soviet Union, and they are spread all over the world. These small countries have different advantages and disadvantages in their pillar industries, and they also have different shortcomings. It is easy to find a win-win venture.
The Soviet Union is different. For example, Romania needs textiles, minerals, steel and non-ferrous metals.The Soviet Union said I have it and give it to you.But what can Romania offer the Soviet Union?Romania produces oil, exports oil?The Soviet Union did, and did not.Petroleum machinery?There are also.food?So did the Soviet Union.
There seemed to be no much-needed goods that were scarce in the Soviet Union, and Romania just happened to be able to produce them.
In the end, there was nothing to do. The Soviet Union said, you can order a truck for me, and you can set the price, so that the trade between us will be balanced.
So the Soviet Union got a large number of "Carpathians", bought from Romania for [-] rubles.The Soviet Union had no shortage of trucks, so they resold each truck for [-] rubles to China.The Soviet Union also lost [-] rubles each.But this is not enough, China got this batch of cheap Carpathians, and the drivers quickly nicknamed him "the trick is not shallow", and even made up a jingle "Carpathians, one repair for eight days".
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After the 60s, the Economic and Trade Council was like this, carrying out "false" international trade, and the Soviet Union took back a bunch of inexplicable commodities that it did not need.Although the quality of Carpathia is poor, it can be transferred to China at a small loss, which is not bad.Vietnam once gave the Soviet Union 200 million rattan bamboo hats to repay the debt. Do you think the bamboo hats can be sold in places like the Soviet Union?
The Soviet Union was losing money to support the construction of Eastern European countries and maintain industrial balance.Eastern European countries are also dissatisfied, because the Soviet Union occupies a dominant position in the Economic and Trade Conference and interferes with the construction direction of other countries, especially after Brezhnev came to power.
In the end, the Soviet Union couldn't afford to lose money, and the anger of the Eastern European countries was full, and the Economic and Mutual Association broke up.
In the eyes of the current Soviet Union, the importance of Sino-Soviet trade is a level higher than that of the trade fair.The main reason is that China's goods are really needed by the Soviet Union.
The computer, needless to say, is easy to use.Military computers and electronic systems have greatly improved the equipment combat level of the entire Soviet army.Consumer electronics are good, but not enough.
The equipment exported by the Soviet Union to China is nothing more than more rows when the machine tool factory and machinery factory compile the production plan. This is the advantage zone and comfort zone of the Soviet industry. The workers are very skilled in making these.These products are also in urgent need in China.
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"With regard to consumer electronics products, my country is also working hard to expand production and improve the technical level," Ye Jizhuang said, "but for well-known reasons, the production capacity of electronic components is given priority to computer systems used in military and scientific research, and only a part of them can be diverted to Manufacturers of consumer electronics products. But we have plans to expand production, and we will increase production year by year in the future, and the import and export volume of Sino-Soviet trade will have a significant increase.”
Patolichev, Deputy Minister of Trade of the Soviet Union: "Having enough civilian goods to sell to citizens is crucial to the Soviet economy in the next few years. Our demand for this is actually higher than your previous imagination."
Chief Accountant: "I agree with this very much. The more agricultural products and light industrial products the country holds, the greater the rate of return of currency, which is ultimately conducive to the acceleration of national construction."
Tang Hua: "Regarding the trade of special commodities between China and the Soviet Union, the reactor we received last year has been officially operated. Next, we plan to build a reactor by ourselves. The imported reactor also needs to be refueled after three years. So, now we may have to import Some 4% enriched uranium, and the other thing we mentioned last year and the year before that, China's plan to build an atomic energy industry."
Patolichev: "Um..."
This aspect can only be discussed by Mikoyan, the vice-chairman of the Council of Ministers present: "When Malenkov was the chairman of the Council of Ministers, he did not agree with China's construction of nuclear weapons. For civilian and scientific purposes, we sold a reactor in 1954. This is enough for civilian use, and based on it, you can design civilian nuclear power plant reactors and ship nuclear power systems."
"However, in terms of developing nuclear weapons, Chairman Bulganin believes that this is still very sensitive, and the cost of nuclear weapons is huge, which may be unaffordable for China."
Tang Hua: "When we talked last time, I said this. For the military bases deployed by the United States in Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines, especially the bomber bases, the best way to attack is to let China take action, using bombers or ballistic missiles. It dropped nuclear weapons. If China didn’t have nuclear weapons, you would need to deploy a lot of nuclear warheads in the Far East, and even then, it would only be able to deal with Japan and South Korea, and it would be difficult to hit the Philippines and Guam.”
Mikoyan: "The Supreme Presidium has noticed this situation. The General Staff is also doing corresponding deduction, and may have drawn some inferences and conclusions."
Tang Hua: "In addition, I think that even if China only conducts civilian nuclear research, it now needs to continue to strengthen the construction of the nuclear industry. For now, what we need are uranium enrichment facilities, such as a gas diffusion plant, and the production of uranium enrichment. Nuclear fuel element plants for processing. With these basic facilities, we can produce enriched uranium for the construction of large-scale civilian nuclear facilities."
Mikoyan sighed and rubbed his head: "You may wish to discuss this issue directly with General Secretary Khrushchev and Chairman Bulganin when you attend the [-]th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. If one of them agrees, then I don’t think the next step will be too difficult.”
Chapter 115, 1956 Annual Meeting on Laser Physics
In 1880, Alexander Bell focused sunlight into a narrow beam and irradiated it on a thin mirror that could vibrate with sound intensity, completing the first optical communication in human history. "
"Bell wrote in the experiment log: 'I heard the laughter and singing of the light.' Its experiment, although crude, was indeed the first germination of optical communication."
"Laser has transformed optical communication from a laboratory toy into a practical engineering technology. In December 1951, one year after the first invention of laser, Zhao Zhongyao and Zhou Guangzhao, a young graduate student at the Laser Physics Center of the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, For the first time in human history, airborne laser communication between two devices has been realized, and the communication distance is 12 meters."
February 1956, Laser Physics Conference of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Tang Hua, Qian Sanqiang, and Zhao Zhongyao attended the meeting, but Qian and Zhao insisted that Tang Hua give the first speech on the optical fiber communication paper.
After introducing the first small breakthrough in laser communication, Tang Hua released photos of Zhao Zhongyao and Zhou Guangzhao on the slide, and next to them, there was a photo of Wang Dayan's headshot.