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The film in the fourth return capsule was shot over North America, and the recovery failed. When the return capsule was opened, it was found that the film inside had been exposed in advance.The fifth reentry capsule was re-shot on the North American continent.

Tianyan-3 finds the orbit to take pictures and pops up the recovery cabin every 4 to [-] days. After the filming of the six recovery cabins is finished, the mission of Tianyan-[-] is completed.

——This is the most fatal problem of the film-returning reconnaissance satellite. Its "shutter life" is too short. The 6 return capsules can take up to 960 photos. Even if it is an enlarged version of Tianyan-12 designed by Tang Hua, 1920 return capsules are installed, that is, 1920 films, and the shutter is pressed [-] times. The film runs out and the satellite is scrapped.

After building such an expensive lens and camera system, stuffing it into a satellite, and launching it into space with a 300-ton launch vehicle, it becomes space junk after 960 shutter presses, which is a bit wasteful.Now which camera does not have a shutter life of tens of thousands of times and 10,000+ times.

Moreover, if it is used for military reconnaissance, even if the returnable reconnaissance satellite uses the most convenient path, the general staff has to get the photo four days after the photo is taken, and the tactical value is already relatively low.

……

Therefore, what Tang Hua wants is the high score XX number, or "keyhole"11.

In 1973, the United States developed the eleventh model of the keyhole series of reconnaissance satellites, which epoch-makingly adopted digital imaging and space-to-earth data transmission, completely subverting the previous use mode of photographic reconnaissance satellites.Since then, the affiliated unit of the photographic reconnaissance satellite has been transferred from the map surveying and mapping department of the General Staff to the combat department of the General Staff.What's the matter, in China, this kind of satellite must belong to the Land and Resources Office of the State Council.

Keyhole-11’s digital camera has a resolution of 800x800 pixels, that is, a photo of 64 pixels. Because of Moore’s law, the high-score series starts with 4000 million pixels, and then reaches hundreds of millions of pixels.Of course, the keyhole series satellites also produced models with hundreds of megapixels in the 90s.

With Tang Hua's current technology, the pixels of the first generation of digital imaging reconnaissance satellites are of course keyhole-11, 800X800, 64 pixels, or slightly better than this.

The technology that digital imaging reconnaissance satellites have to cross is not just the threshold of resolution.

"Tang Hua, why does the ultimate photographic reconnaissance satellite you mentioned weigh 11 tons?" Qian Xuesen looked at the development plan of the satellite system, "The Tianyan-2.1 that is currently taking pictures in the sky is only a little over 2.2 tons, less than [-] tons. Ton."

Tang Hua: "The optical aperture of Tianyan-610 is 2.4 mm. I plan to use a 3-meter optical lens for the target star, and the focal length will be very long. The satellite is like a cannon barrel. I plan to make it reach a resolution of 1 meters, and the CCD level After the improvement, the improved model should achieve a resolution of [-] meter or even smaller."

"The second reason for the extra weight is that the target star has to work in orbit for a long time, and its lifespan must reach at least 8 years, and 10 to 15 years is the best. During these 8 years, it adjusts its attitude when taking pictures and starts a tiny engine; if the earth There is an emergency somewhere, and the reconnaissance satellite needs to fly over the hotspot area in one or two cycles, and the satellite needs to start the orbit-changing engine with a larger thrust."

"Therefore, the satellites in the sky must carry enough fuel for 8 years of normal use, which is also a large weight."

Qian Xuesen thought about what the 1-meter-resolution photos taken by the satellite would look like, and then said, "Tang Hua, you want to monitor the whole world."

"Knowing the dynamics of countries in the world is a necessary condition for maintaining world peace."

……

"Fortunately, on the rocket side, the largest launch vehicle currently planned can send a load of more than ten tons into space."

Qian Xuesen posed a model of a bundled launch vehicle.

The core stage has a diameter of 3.4 meters and is equipped with four 4-ton engines with a total thrust of 75 tons.The diameter of the four boosters is 300 meters, and each is equipped with a 2.25-ton engine. The total take-off thrust reaches 1 tons, which can push a rocket weighing about 120 tons into the sky.

"We estimate that this rocket can send about 14 tons of payload into low-earth orbit. It was originally intended to be used to launch manned spacecraft, lunar probes and other things," Qian Xuesen said. "Your ultimate photographic reconnaissance satellite, only It can be used to launch. But let me say that this rocket will not be built for many years."

Tang Hua: "That's just right. The target star's optical camera system, CCD and high-speed data processing chips, various engines, and attitude adjustment systems all need to be newly developed, and it won't work in a few years. Given that this rocket is so powerful, the old Money, then I will change the satellite design and rely on a weight of 12 to 14 tons?"

……

In May 1959, China's aerospace industry, which had been "dormant" for more than a year, regained its popularity.The first thing to come out to warm up is the launch of the Tianyan-5 satellite.Newspapers published photos of the Baikonur Cosmodrome very early on, and the flags of the Soviet Union, China, and East Germany painted on the shell of the rocket aroused everyone's interest.Read the article again. This time, the Soviet Union produced rockets, China produced satellites, and East Germany produced the cameras on the satellites. Socialist countries collaborated.

In the past, when the Luna carrier rocket launched lunar exploration satellites, our country’s publicity was relatively low-key, and it rarely mentioned what work China participated in.But this time the basic structure of the reconnaissance satellite was designed by China, the satellite frame was produced in Tianjin, and the control and communication system was also made in China.

After the satellite was successfully launched, the news continued to follow up in the following month, saying that the return capsule was successfully recovered and the film information inside was being read.In another week, say the socialist camp has the first panorama of Earth taken from space.

Another week later, the front page of "People's Daily" was swiped by a big globe.From the perspective of the sky over China, there are oceans and white clouds, and the light-colored continent below the white clouds. Readers with a little knowledge of geography can immediately recognize that this is China, this is Taiwan Island, this is Hainan Island, and the Korean Peninsula, Japan, etc. ,etc.

The photo is not a simple photo at first glance. There are many small numbers marked on its four corners, and the shooting parameters are marked on the upper left corner: it was taken by the Tianyan-6061 satellite at an apogee of 78 kilometers, with an orbital inclination of 3 degrees, and the shooting time was [-] pm Beijing time.

This "People's Daily" dated May 1959, 5 has become a popular collection across the country. The People's Daily subscribed by many units "disappeared" after the May 28 issue was published. If the factory director and secretary were late After reading the newspaper for a day and a half, I found that the front page had disappeared.

Some readers took out pencils and pens, compared the maps of China in geography books or geography textbooks, and manually drew lines on the satellite images on the front page to draw a map of China.Some readers try to find the approximate location of their city on the map, click on a point, and mark the name of the city.Then stick this graffitied newspaper on the wall.

……

The photos taken by Tianyan-[-] were circulated everywhere. The United States was stable on the surface. At a public meeting, Eisenhower also congratulated the Soviet Union on its achievements in spaceflight, but behind the scenes, NASA felt that anxiety had returned.

Taking pictures of the earth from space is nothing new. In 1944, Germany used a V-2 as a sounding rocket to hit an altitude of more than 100 kilometers, and the camera took a picture of the earth.This black-and-white photo is also out of focus, but the blurry photo still shows the curvature of the earth.

After 1957, the Soviet Luna satellite also sent back photos, but the quality of the photos restored by the telex signal was far worse than this time.

The United States is also making spy satellites. It launched one just last month, named Discoverer 8300. It does not actually carry a spy camera, but to verify satellite recovery technology.However, the luck of the Americans was not very good. Their recovery technology verification satellite was not only launched one month later than the Chinese and Soviet verification satellites, but also failed. The recovery module deviated from the scheduled recovery point by [-] kilometers when it returned to the atmosphere.

What does this 8300 kilometers mean? It is from Hawaii to Lake Baikal...

The Soviet Internal Guard is now happily transporting the return capsule of this American satellite from the Far East to Moscow.

"Just now at Cape Canaveral, our Pioneer-3A geomagnetic field detection satellite failed to launch, and the second stage of the rocket failed, causing the rocket and satellite to fall in the South Atlantic Ocean. Last week was at Cape Canaveral,'Earth Circle' Atmospheric Density Surveying Satellite lost contact after liftoff."

NASA's first administrator, Keith Grennan, briefs Eisenhower on recent developments.

Eisenhower: "The Soviets and China are hyping up their camera satellites, which are really spy satellites, aren't they?"

Defense Secretary Neil McElroy: "Spy satellites are much more useful than Earth's magnetic field probes, atmospheric density probes."

Glennan: "Yes, it's a spy satellite, but they're moving faster than us. NASA also realizes the importance of spy satellites... After the failure of Discovery 6, we must continue to launch Discovery 3, The scheduled launch is next week, June [-]."

……

Kuala Lumpur.

The meeting between US Secretary of State Herter and Chinese Foreign Minister Mr. Chen was expected to last for three to four days before the meeting, but it lasted for a week and no results were reached.

For political circles around the world, high-level talks between China and the United States are more worthy of attention than the space race between the two camps.High-level politicians from various countries have basically acquiesced that the five permanent members of the Security Council are the five leaders in the world. China's ranking among the leaders is either the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, China and France, or the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and China, and China ranks fourth or third. five.

For this meeting, the Japanese media gave a bluffing name "クアラルンプール Decisive Battle" (Kuala Lumpur Decisive Battle), Europe called it the "Kuala Lumpur Marathon", and the American media called it the "Kuala Lumpur Round". Huo very much welcomes China and the United States also moving towards reconciliation.

After all, at the end of last year, Khrushchev and the United States finalized a major policy of relaxation. First, they tacitly stopped nuclear tests, and now they hold national exhibitions with each other. The US exhibition hall in Moscow and the Soviet Union's exhibition hall in Washington are almost finished.Both countries show each other the best things in their own countries, which means "Look, our country is stronger than yours, and our people's lives are happier than yours."

On the afternoon of May 5, the one-day negotiation between the two sides came to an end.The respective negotiating teams walked out one by one, casually said a few words to the onlookers with basically zero effective information, and went back to their respective hotels.This is how each day's work has ended during the past 22 days of negotiations.

Herter could now change his name to "Prostration", walk out of the conference room leaning on the wall, and then call the secretary to bring him the crutch.

Mr. Chen's overall physical exertion is not small, especially wearing a thick Chinese tunic suit. As soon as he leaves the conference room (this is the only place with air conditioning), he sweats.When I got out of the car, with the help of the secretary, I took off my Chinese tunic suit, rolled up the cuffs of my shirt, and fanned myself vigorously.

On the sixth day of the negotiation, Boss Chen released a copy of the US Air Force log files seized in Taiwan in 1953, as well as an inspection report on the bacterial shell casings found in North Korea, which matched the US military dispatch records recorded in several places in the files.

At the Geneva Conference in 1954, the Prime Minister named the Americans, and sooner or later your germ warfare will be settled.On the other side of the United States, after the accident in Taiwan in 53, they knew that there should be a handle in the hands of the Chinese.

The CIA and the U.S. military were prepared for this. In the past few years, there have been two car accidents, one burglary, and one case of acute leukemia... By 1959, no one directly involved could speak.

However, no living person can speak, and black and white words can speak for them.

……

On the seventh and eighth days, that is, May 5 and 21, the positions of China and the United States are actually getting closer to each other.

Both sides agreed to analyze and classify the $1948 billion in 10 and the sporadic $1948 million owed before 7100.

After the 48-year loan was credited, Chang Kaishen immediately purchased weapons and ammunition in the United States and shipped them to China. A considerable part of the U.S. dollars never crossed the border of the United States and flowed back into the hands of the U.S. military-industrial complex.Erase this part, it doesn't count.Of the $10.71 billion in arrears, this part accounted for 4.5 million.What Herter said on the first day was all hypocritical scenes. The Americans already knew that Chang Kaishen took the money not for people's livelihood but for war.