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South Korea and Cuba played so well that the China World Table Tennis Championships became a neglected sporting event.Not only is the whole world talking about Cuba, domestic news also first reported the South Korean coup, South Korean provocations, and Cuba's defeat of the invaders, and then began to talk about the World Table Tennis Championships.
This is a bit unfair. In this World Table Tennis Championships, China won the men's team champion Swaythling Cup for the first time, with Zhuang Zedong winning the men's singles and Qiu Zhonghui winning the women's singles.In addition, the women's team, women's doubles, and mixed doubles were runners-up, with a total of three golds and three silvers.
The men’s team fought fiercely for 4 hours in the championship and runner-up final with the Japanese team, and they defeated the Japanese team 5:3. In the last round, both sides grabbed 5 match points. In the end, the Chinese team finally suppressed the Japanese team to win the cup. This is the World Table Tennis Championships A rare scene in history.
In a few years, the World Table Tennis Championships may not see such a suspenseful game...
In view of the fact that the World Table Tennis Championships were robbed of the limelight by the South Korean coup and the Cuban invasion, Lop Nur decided to make a decisive move to save the eyeball economy.
On April 1961, 4, a small and medium-yield atomic bomb tower exploded. The sixth nuclear bomb tested by China, the No. 25 monster "Zhu Yan" with an equivalent of 15600 tons, caused earthquake observation stations in various countries on the Eurasian continent to jump. Jump.
"The implosion-type plutonium bomb has a design equivalent of 15500 tons, and the measured equivalent is 15600 plus or minus 200 tons. The shock wave is normal, and the composition of the dispersed material is in line with expectations," Qian Sanqiang said. Is it too big?"
Deng Jiaxian: "There are very few things to modify."
Qian Sanqiang: "Minister Tang said last month that if the test explosion data of the "Zhu Yan" is still in line with the theoretical calculations, when designing a hydrogen bomb in the future, it is not necessary to test the fission nuclear trigger before testing the hydrogen bomb. Just assemble the hydrogen bomb and try it out."
Yu Min: "That's right, the test and design cycle is faster, and the funds can be saved a lot. However, for the 300 million-ton hydrogen bomb airdrop nuclear test, it is still very troublesome and time-consuming to make the shell and the parachute."
Qian Sanqiang: "What do you mean by being smaller than you?"
Yu Min: "Isn't it good to install the hydrogen bomb on the missile and launch it together?"
Qian Sanqiang: "...I'll talk about this later. When it comes to missiles, we have one more thing to do in May, that is, the actual weight of the 'Zhuhuai', that is, the warhead of the HD-3 hydrogen bomb. We are lighter than the original plan. 11 kilograms. Therefore, Qian Xuesen’s group will sit with our group for a meeting in May to readjust the design of the Dongfeng-5 nuclear warhead version.”
Deng Jiaxian: "Dongfeng-4 nuclear warhead version? Does it mean that there is a version of Dongfeng-4 without nuclear warheads?"
Qian Sanqiang: "Yes, the accuracy of this missile is quite good. Qian Xuesen said that even if it is loaded with hundreds of kilograms of explosives, it will have great destructive power against urban targets."
Chapter 45, just completely ban nuclear experiments
"The New York Times reported on May 5. The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, the Russell-Einstein Declaration Committee formally sent a letter to China's representative to the United Nations General Assembly, calling on China to join the 'ban on nuclear tests' or 'prohibit nuclear tests in outer space, atmosphere or underwater 'Negotiation of the Convention."
"Max Born, the second chairman of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto Committee, said that since 1945, a large number of nuclear tests on the ground or underwater by various countries have caused public anxiety about radioactive fallout. In the field of cutting-edge science, Delicate instruments and materials have been affected by the increase in radioactivity in the atmosphere."
"Born said that the cessation of nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater, and outer space is a compromise between the protection of the earth's environment and the interests of major powers themselves. Conducting underground nuclear tests is enough for nuclear-armed countries to continue to develop A new nuclear warhead, but one that would protect Earth's biosphere from radiation damage."
"Born said that if China is willing to join the negotiation of the treaty and promote the signing of the treaty, it will be an important step towards denuclearization of the world."
"The reporter learned from other sources that the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom have agreed to suspend nuclear testing, but during the suspension period, France and China have become nuclear-armed countries."
“从1960年1月到1961年4月，中国进行了6次核试验，法国进行了4次。中国的6次核试验有3次是热核武器试验，最大当量达到400万吨TNT。法国4次均为原子弹试验，但由于采用了高污染的材料，这些核试验已对阿尔及利亚南部生态环境造成了灾难性的影响。 ”
"The Chinese representative to the United Nations has officially signed the two letters."
……
Beijing, Liaison Office.
"In 1957, the United States completed its first underground nuclear test, and the Soviet Union has begun research on this type of nuclear test. The preliminary conclusion is that there are no insurmountable technical difficulties in conducting underground nuclear tests, but there are relatively large engineering costs and Construction difficulty."
The Soviet ambassador to China, Stepan Chervonenko, who took office last year, exchanged views with Wang Ruofei on "whether China should join the nuclear test ban or partial nuclear test ban convention."
Chervonenko continued: "Chairman Khrushchev is increasingly angry with the expansion and aggression of the United States around the world, especially the deployment of the US Redstone nuclear missiles in Turkey, which seriously threaten the The hinterland of the Soviet Union. Now the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee is discussing when to resume nuclear testing."
Wang Ruofei: "If the Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, will it adopt the underground nuclear testing model?"
Chervonenko: "Of course not. We have estimated the cost of the project and built a tunnel leading hundreds of meters or even thousands of meters underground. Two to three years of wrangling, as long as the treaty has not been signed, we are free to use any kind of nuclear test method."
Wang Ruofei: "China intends to accept the invitation of the open letter to join the negotiations to ban nuclear tests."
Chervonenko: "A partial ban on nuclear tests or a total ban on nuclear tests?"
Wang Ruofei: "A complete ban on nuclear testing. We estimate that the negotiation process for a comprehensive ban on nuclear testing will be more lengthy than a partial ban, and it may not be possible to reach an agreement in three to four years."
"Hehe, you probably expected that it would be impossible to reach an agreement to completely ban nuclear tests."
Wang Ruofei: "No, we are serious."
……
Two days later, the special plane of the Soviet Union's Minister of Medium-sized Machinery Manufacturing Industry Bervushin and the head of the nuclear program Kurchatov landed in Beijing.
In fact, Bervushin is also in charge of managing the nuclear bomb factory and nuclear test site. In the past two years, his work on nuclear weapons has been completely idle. Kurchatov also returned to the Soviet Academy of Sciences to continue because he did not need to design new nuclear bombs. Do basic physics research.
Tang Hua called Qian Sanqiang out of Fangshan and held talks with Soviet comrades.
Kurchatov: "Nuclear explosion in virtual space with a supercomputer? What is it?"
"Tianhe-[-] supercomputer, I remember that you have a Tianhe-[-] supercomputer in the Computing Center of the State Planning Commission, the Meteorological Bureau, and the Nuclear Physics Research Institute," Tang Hua said. , and some mechanical calculations in the design of nuclear bombs. But in fact, the role of supercomputers in nuclear weapon design is not limited to this.”
"In 1960, we made a bold attempt to describe all the parts related to the nuclear explosion of an atomic bomb one by one in the form of binary data, giving each part the same geometry as in the real world Shape, density, mechanical strength, radioactivity values, etc., even the TNT explosive block in the nuclear trigger is also converted into binary data."
"Afterwards, we substituted the empirical data into the formula to let the nuclear bomb detonate in the virtual space...Unfortunately, due to the large number of nuclear bomb parts and the extremely large number of parameters for each part, after running for 110 microseconds, the virtual program of the nuclear explosion, Stopped due to insufficient memory."
Kurchatov: "So, your new generation of supercomputers has been successfully developed and equipped with enough memory?"
Whether it is a top scientist who carried the Soviet nuclear program and experienced the explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, the key point is clear.
Tang Hua: "Professor Qian Sanqiang believes that if the detonation program in the virtual space can run for 1000 microseconds, that is, 1 millisecond, it will be able to tell us whether the nuclear bomb can be detonated and what the yield is, without having to conduct it at the nuclear test site." Test explosion."
Qian Sanqiang: "Enter the entire structure of the nuclear bomb into the virtual space, run continuously for 1 millisecond to 1.5 milliseconds, and you can completely simulate and verify the fission-fusion-fission compound nuclear warhead, but the current difference of 890 microseconds is for the computing power of the computer, Memory all puts high demands on it."
Tang Hua: "From 110 microseconds to 1000 microseconds, the demand for computing power and memory is not increased by 9 times, but by 81 times and 700 times respectively. If the design of the new nuclear bomb is changed, the calculation may be more complicated, but Luckily, this complexity doesn’t lead to order-of-magnitude increases in hardware requirements.”
"Now our first Tianhe-[-] supercomputer is about to be put into operation. Of course, the first Tianhe-[-] is used for weather forecasting. But the Institute of Atomic Energy will also get one."
Kurchatov: "Empirical data and formulas are the key to computer simulation of nuclear explosions."
Qian Sanqiang: "Sufficient empirical data, high-performance computers, and correct digital programs are three key elements."
Berwusin: "Can Tianhe-[-] achieve a computer-simulated nuclear explosion?"
Tang Hua: "Even if Tianhe-1964 failed to achieve a computer-simulated nuclear explosion, Tianhe-1964, launched in [-], will definitely be able to. I hope that China and the Soviet Union will resolutely ban all nuclear tests, including underground nuclear tests, and completely ban them in [-]. Nuclear test treaty finalized."
"This, even if China and the Soviet Union fully support and promote it, I am afraid it will not be so easy." Ambassador Chervonenko said.
Wang Ruofei: "But we can indeed give it a try."
……
The international community called on China and France to join in the drafting and negotiation of a treaty banning (or partially banning) nuclear tests; China said it would consider it, but France did not respond positively.
As the time entered May, the Soviet Union became more and more impatient with the attitude of the United States in nuclear disarmament. Coupled with the Bay of Pigs invasion incident in Cuba, it was already very difficult for the United States and the Soviet Union to maintain mutual military trust.
At the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan, according to an order signed by Mikoyan himself, several nuclear explosion zones were opened at the nuclear test site, and various supporting temporary facilities and permanent facilities were re-installed, and the Soviet Union resumed nuclear testing. It's a done deal.
Not to be outdone, Kennedy quietly signed the document for the implementation of "Operation Nougat". This action is to resume nuclear testing. The United States will take all the newly designed nuclear warheads from 1958 to 1961 to underground tunnels for bombing. More than 40 pieces were fried.
Of course, the Soviet Union does not know that Kennedy signed this secret plan, but now Khrushchev looks at Kennedy very differently from a few months ago. In the eyes of Khrushchev, Kennedy is no longer the president of the United States, but a lover. Impulsive boy.