roccoschili Page 425
Page 425
As if solving an ancient riddle, Hopper worked day by day, gradually unraveling the secrets of the Chinese computer called "T51".
Hopper was most impressed by the transistors used in the T51.
The U.S. Air Force had long studied transistors captured from the Korean War, and Hopper was actually belatedly aware.Unlike the transistors Shockley and Bardeen made in the lab, this is an improved version—the substrate is silicon rather than germanium.Smaller, more reliable, but more expensive.
"Expensive" is what the U.S. Air Force and Boeing Electronic Circuits say.
Hopper is actually skeptical.This computer is equipped with more than 9000 transistors. Of course, the military's explanation for this is that "high-performance computers are important equipment, and the national system of socialist countries ignores costs." But Hopper saw that inside the T51, the upper half of the cabinet More than 900 transistors are used in part, just to build a display circuit to compile the binary signal of the computer into numbers from 0 to 9, English and Russian letters and punctuation marks, and output them on three display screens.
In other words, throwing 900 transistors is just to make it easier for laymen to operate computers.
900 transistors can almost make a computer, and the cheap version of the UNIVAC-1 computer developed by Remington Rand has only 1100 vacuum tubes.
Based on his own scientific research experience and professional experience at Remington Rand Corporation, Hopper guessed that the price of transistors made in China is not expensive.
The same "bold" configuration also includes the storage system of T51. The 50K memory is divided into 8K as memory and 42K as permanent storage area. There is a disk operating system and a compiler. This is not what Hopper has been doing in the past year. ?
……
It was another day of working until late at night. The next day, when Hopper came to work again, he was told by the security guard that he was not allowed to enter the laboratory of the electronic circuit department.
Then, Hopper was taken away.
"I am, by order of the House Un-American Activities Committee, disqualified you from entering Boeing's laboratory and conducting an inquiry investigation on you."
Opposite Hopper sat the expressionless intelligence agent.
"You worked as a programmer at the U.S. Naval Office of Ordnance Computing?"
霍珀：“1943年到1946年，我为海军的Mark1、Mark2和Mark3计算机编写和调试过程序。”
Commissioner: "You created a lot of techniques and methods when debugging programs, some of which have become the common language of the industry, such as bug and debug. Can you elaborate on the origin of these terms?"
Hopper: "In 1945, I was in charge of troubleshooting a Mark 2 computer. The usual inspection methods could not find the cause, but I accidentally discovered that a moth flew through the window into a relay of the Mark 2, causing the system to temporarily stop. Downtime. I removed the moth and posted it on the work log. Since this incident, people in our department have used bugs to represent computer failures. Later I went to EMCC and Remington Rand Work, also continue to use this idiom, and expand a word debug, which means the initiative to eliminate program errors."
"Coincidentally. We were finally able to read all the data in the Chinese computer last night. We found a document, which may be a log or instruction file for the system developer. They also call program errors bugs, and eliminating program errors is debug."
The special commissioner smiled and took out a printed piece of paper:
"I guess the designer of this computer is your student, or you participated in the design of this computer yourself?"
Chapter 42, Killing a Dog to Celebrate
Joseph Raymond McCarthy, the staunchly anti-Communist U.S. Senator, was now months away from his downfall.
McCarthy insisted on executing the Rosenbergs. After the Taiwan campaign, he called Marshall a "traitor"-but with Marshall's deep network of contacts, McCarthy couldn't move him.Black singer Paul Robertson was sentenced to 7 years for singing two anti-war songs written by Tang Hua.McCarthy said that Chaplin was a Communist Party and forced Chaplin to settle in Switzerland.Edgar Snow also went to Switzerland at this time.Even the writings of Mark Twain were included in the list of "dangerous tendencies".
Historically, McCarthy was removed from the post of chairman of the Un-American Activities Investigative Committee in November 1954, and died of illness in 11. After McCarthy was dismissed in November 1957, "McCarthyism" did not disappear all at once, but gradually cooled down.After all, the capitalists' fear of the Soviet Union began in the late 54s and continued until the early 11s. McCarthy was just the frontrunner.
As for now, the Un-American Activities Investigative Committee has constructed a complete "chain of evidence" view of the universe: Shockley sent transistor technology to China, and Hopper sent the secrets of computer programs to China. Except for these two main players, it should be There are more middle-aged and young cattle who are secretly working for the communist camp.It was horrible.
Shockley and Hopper's prohibition of engaging in national defense and cutting-edge technology activities did not cause a worldwide sensation, but Paul Robertson was published in the People's Daily, and Tang Hua always remembered this.Tang Hua had already planned. When Robertson was released from prison in 1958, Tang Hua proposed to invite him to visit China.
Not only did Tang Hua remember, the Prime Minister did not forget to mention this matter at the Geneva meeting.
"The Geneva Conference will discuss the restoration of peace in Indochina and the withdrawal of troops from the Korean Peninsula. If these two pressing issues in Asia can be resolved, it will help to ensure peace in Asia and further ease international tensions. ... Delegation of the People's Republic of China We have come to this meeting with sincerity. We believe that the joint efforts of the participants and the common desire to consolidate peace will make it possible to resolve the Asian issue."
In front of the reporters, the Prime Minister first set the purpose of the Chinese delegation to attend the meeting in Geneva.
"Mr. Prime Minister, I heard that Dulles forbade members of the American delegation from shaking hands with members of the Chinese delegation. What do you think of that?"
"The Chinese delegation came to Geneva to work for the security of our country's periphery and for the cause of world peace and human progress. If Dulles and the American delegation refuse to shake our hands, it will only prove that they oppose the direction of our efforts .”
Swiss reporter: "McCarthy is identifying and arresting the Communist Party in the United States. Do you think the US government will sign a meeting agreement with a communist country?"
Prime Minister: "The Un-American Commission of Inquiry tried Paul Robertson for absurd reasons, and arrested and killed the Rosenbergs on trumped-up charges. McCarthyism is going back to Hitler's old path. We hope that Eisenhower and Dulles can stick to normal Logical thinking, don't drag the peaceful people of the United States and other countries in the world into the flames of war."
……
During the intermission of the Geneva battle, the Prime Minister also visited Chaplin and met the comedy master by a lake at the foot of the Alps.
Chaplin recalled that when he passed through China in 1936, he saw many poor and homeless people on the streets of Shanghai, and felt very sad.The Premier introduced to Chaplin the changes in China, especially Shanghai, since the founding of New China more than four years ago, and warmly invited him to visit China.Chaplin said he accepted the invitation and would consider going there after filming the film at hand.
The Prime Minister invited Chaplin to watch "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" at the residence of the Chinese delegation, and gave Chaplin a poster.Chaplin was invited and said he would bring a copy of "Stage Life" to the show.
After the Prime Minister received the "Stage Career" poster signed by Chaplin, he took out another record: "A colleague in our country, he failed to come to Switzerland with the group, but he really likes your movies, and I hope to use him Published album in exchange for one of your autographed posters."
Chaplin: "Oh, record, is your colleague a singer?"
Prime Minister: "His ... main job is as a scientist, but also composes and sings."
Chaplin took the record and laughed loudly: "One record is exchanged for one poster, very good, deal."
……
Tang Hua is concerned about the Geneva Conference, because he wants to find out whether the United States will sign the peace agreement this time.
After two months of tug of war in history, the countries participating in the Geneva Conference reached the "1954 Agreement on the Armistice of the Indochina Region" (also known as the Geneva Agreement).
The agreement stipulates:
Armistice in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia;
France withdrew from the Indochina Peninsula, North Vietnamese volunteers withdrew from Laos and Cambodia, and any country that signed the peace agreement was not allowed to send troops to the Indochina Peninsula or sell offensive weapons;
The two regimes of North Vietnam and South Vietnam are bounded by the 5th parallel north latitude, in order to establish a coalition government in the future general election.A demilitarized zone shall be established within the width of [-] kilometers on each side of the [-]th parallel north latitude.
This agreement ... the United States did not sign.
France signed it, and obediently rolled itself into a ball and turned into a ball, and Gulu Gulu got out of Vietnam.
The United States did not sign the agreement. In 1954, it sent a military advisory group of 650 people to South Vietnam. Since then, it has increased year by year. By 1963, the number of military advisory and support troops of the US military in South Vietnam reached 6000. , Strategic Village.Then in 1964, the Tokyo Bay Incident boom detonated and started.
What a pain.According to the 1954 Geneva Agreement, it would be good for North and South Vietnam to be separated like this, which is good for the United States and good for China.
Good for Vietnam too.The land of Vietnam at the [-]th parallel north latitude is a narrow strip. South Vietnam and North Vietnam are easy to isolate, and the possibility of provoking trouble on the military demarcation line is not high.
The difference now is that at the beginning of this year, high-level U.S. military officials made it clear in a hearing that they disapproved of sending naval and air forces to fight and be stationed in Vietnam.This means that based on the lessons of North Korea, the United States will adopt a more cautious policy of investing power around China, so the final outcome of the Geneva Conference is still largely unknown.
……
Changchun Institute of Optoelectronics.
The Geneva meeting will take more than two months, and Tang Hua will certainly not wait for the result in Beijing.
"The optical system we are working on is two solutions, one is the blue light produced by the helium-cadmium laser with a wavelength of 441 nanometers; the other is the ultraviolet light produced by the argon laser with a wavelength of 351 nanometers."
Wang Dayan introduced the current prototype to Tang Hua. "Because the Optoelectronics Institute has limited manpower, we focused on the optical system of the blue light, which is the current prototype. The optical system of the ultraviolet laser is still in the drawing design stage, and the optical glass lens suitable for ultraviolet light group, Changguang next door has not yet been finalized."