roccoschili Page 601
Page 601
At 22:47, Juno-1 ignited.
Everyone watched Juno-1 take off from the round thick glass window.After the rocket burst into flames, it neither crooked nor fell, nor did it fall down. The height gradually exceeded the top of the launch pad and continued to rise.The JPL team and von Braun didn't feel relieved to leave the window until Juno-1 was beyond the distance of the naked eye.
Juno-1's first stage burns for 155 seconds, sending the rocket and satellite directly out of the von Karman line into space.After the first stage fell off, the 11 solid propellers of the second stage ignited, but they burned out the fuel after only working for 6 seconds.After that, the third stage uses 3 solid propellers, and the working time is still 6 seconds.
After the third stage fell off, the satellite was almost able to reach the first cosmic speed. At this time, the satellite's own fourth-stage solid thruster was ignited.
The models and thrusts of the second, third and fourth-stage solid propellers are exactly the same, but the number of bundles is different.
……
Compared with China and the Soviet Union, the US space launch has one advantage, that is, it can be monitored globally.After the satellite left the continental United States, the radio listening stations in Jamaica and Dominica could monitor the rocket's flight trajectory all the time. After leaving Dominica, it was relay monitoring by the warships deployed by the Fourth Fleet in the mid-Atlantic.
When Explorer [-] flew near the equator, the fourth-stage solid propeller burned out, and the American warship at sea detected a radio signal. According to the speed of the signal source, it was judged that the satellite should have entered orbit, and immediately sent a message back to the country to announce the good news. This was more than half an hour before China or the Soviet Union learned of their success.
However, the U.S. Army was still not at ease, and asked the radio monitoring system to confirm it several times. At 6:30 the next morning, it finally announced the news to the outside world: the first artificial satellite in the United States was successfully launched!
"The United States is a highly developed industrial country, and it is not surprising that it will finally be able to send a satellite into space."
"The United States named its satellite Explorer. In fact, there were Sputnik [-] and [-] launched by the Soviet Union and our Forward [-] and Forward [-]A to explore outer space. No matter what the American satellite said Also late."
"Of course, if the launch of artificial earth satellites is for the scientific purpose of human beings to conquer the universe, it is beneficial for countries to compete. Peaceful competition will promote the further development of science and technology. However, the United States still does not forget to take this opportunity to trumpet its The so-called deterrence capability..."
——China's evaluation of the launch of Explorer [-] is basically quite satisfactory, and the meaning is extracted as "You are late, but it is okay."
In the United States, the successful launch of Explorer [-] finally reversed the decadent situation in the past two months. The model of Explorer [-] was repeatedly displayed on the TV program, accompanied by a majestic BGM, and the guests invited to the program were in high spirits. In the future, the big pie of the US space program can continue to be drawn.
Two days after the successful launch of the satellite, Pickering, von Braun and several other JPL backbones appeared in front of the public. Several people held the model of Explorer [-] + fourth stage to accept the worship of the people on the scene.
However, outside the United States, there are also media pouring cold water and making fun of it.
"Juno-1 was only a medium-range missile, while the Soviet Union used it to launch Sputnik with a powerful intercontinental missile."
"The Soviet Union's first satellite weighed 83.6 kilograms, China's first satellite weighed 55.6 kilograms, and Explorer 13.97 was only [-] kilograms. The United States not only launched the satellite late, but also has poor delivery capacity."
The British "Sun" made a joke: "In the increasingly tense space race, the United States narrowly defeated East Germany, Poland, Romania, and North Korea... and snatched the position of the third country to launch artificial satellites. .”
"It has been two months since its launch, and the Chinese satellite, the space radio station, is still singing, singing, singing endlessly. All this is just to show off to the world that China has mastered solar power technology."
……
"Chinese newspapers said it themselves, and the models that appeared in North America also confirmed that Chinese satellites have photovoltaic power generation equipment. We don't need to wait two months to believe this."
Walter Hausermann, director of the U.S. Army's Guidance and Control Laboratory, is obviously slightly dissatisfied with the United States' slowness in satellite technology.
Pickering: "It involves many departments and laboratories, and these agencies are busy with the establishment of NASA, so some actions are a little late. The cadmium sulfide photovoltaic cells made by the RCA laboratory, we have already obtained The samples are here, but I want to get better ones."
Hauserman: "Bell Labs and Western Electric announced late last year that they had developed a silicon photovoltaic cell."
"Is that the Hoffman cell? It's 14 milliwatts in the Nevada desert, and it costs $25. If you want 14 watts, you're paying $2.5... ok , it can be used on multimillion-dollar satellites."
……
Beijing.
"Although the solar cell system of the Antarctic research station works normally, we must note that the Antarctic is within the protection range of the atmosphere and the earth's magnetic field, and the high-energy rays in space are much higher than the ground. If ordinary solar panels are placed in space , its lifespan is very short.”
Tang Hua was talking about solar cells with Makovsky, a representative sent by the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the Soviet Union.
"If you want to make solar panels work in space for two years or more, you need to start a new design from the bottom up, including new substrate materials and anti-radiation films, etc. We did a comparative test near the reactor, preliminary It is expected that the service life can meet the standard, but the real value has yet to be followed and observed for a long time by the two satellites launched into space."
Makovsky: "I probably know... But Davarich, I'm here, I have other missions besides solar cells, to be precise, we have several space launches in 1958 , some of these satellites have already been manufactured, and some are still being designed. These satellites under design all require a comprehensive update of energy and computer control systems."
Tang Hua: "Then, you may need to know the basic structure of the satellite you are designing."
Makovsky: "This is the ultimate goal of my trip. The Council of Ministers and the Academy of Sciences passed a proposal at the meeting that China and the Soviet Union should jointly study the next generation of satellites and manned spacecraft. If we can reach an agreement, Comrade Korolev hopes to hold the meeting in the first half of this year, the sooner the better."
Tang Hua:? !
"...China currently does not have a plan for manned spaceflight. Because large satellites have to wait for the successful design of larger launch vehicles, they are still in the stage of architecture and platform design, and are not among the top priority research projects." Tang Hua this is Tell the truth.
……
State Planning Commission.
"There is no satellite launch plan for the whole year of 1958 and the first half of 1959?" Li Fuchun asked, "It can save some money, but the people of the whole country also have less chance to have fun."
"Satellites with practical effects have to wait for bigger rockets, and the work that small satellites can do is still too limited," Tang Hua said. Huh?"
Chief accountant: "The wages increase, the people of the whole country are happy, but we are nervous."
Xue Muqiao: "It's all about making the people of the whole country happy. It costs 30 billion yuan to raise wages, and 2000 million yuan to launch a satellite."
Tang Hua: ...
Xue Muqiao is just a joke, it's already February, and the first month's salary after the salary increase has already been paid.
Not only did the wages go down, the newspaper broadcast also explained why the wages were raised:
"Thanks to the hard work of the laborers across the country, the first five-year plan was completed beyond the deadline, especially the industrial front was triumphant. In 1957, the total industrial output value increased by 1952 times compared with 2.6. In Chinese history, for the first time, the industrial output value It has exceeded the value of agricultural output. Efficient use of science and technology, efficient management and organization of production have maximized the value of laborers, which is the material basis for the general increase in wages for employees across the country."
"In the Second Five-Year Plan, the people of the whole country must make persistent efforts to continue to rapidly build the country's industrial system, increase labor productivity, improve product quality and scientific and technological level, and achieve greater victories."
This sentence means "Comrades! Salaries will increase every few years in the future!"
……
This is what they say externally. Internally, both the State Planning Commission and the State Council are paying close attention to changes in the sales of commodities in the market.
"According to the results calculated by this computer," Zhang Xi said, "the wage increase in January will not be fully reflected in consumption, and some people will save their money until February, because the Chinese New Year will be celebrated in February."
"If January and February are combined to calculate, wages will rise by 5%, the monthly added value of bank deposits will increase by 4.5%, and consumption will increase by 5.3%, of which the consumption of agricultural and sideline products and food will increase by 5.5%, and the consumption of light industrial products will increase. An increase of 5.1 percent."
"The consumption of light industrial products has increased so much? It's not much lower than that of agricultural products?" Deng Zifei asked, "Is this forecast accurate?"
Zhang Xi: "There will be a certain error, but it will be roughly within the range of plus or minus 0.3."
Tang Hua: "I was a little afraid that the error would be too large, which would cause chaos in the market. We prepared radio recorders, bicycle watches, and placed them in department stores, but they were all unsalable. Looking back, the pork belly was sold out in the vegetable market. It's ready."
Zhang Xi laughed and said: "We have conducted sample surveys all over the country. The increase in wages means that some families want to improve their food, but the Chinese people are still thrifty, and the mentality of planning for a rainy day is common. Moreover, the money for food improvement goes to their mouths. Buy a pot and pan, watch sewing machine, it can be placed at home for a long time."
Deng Zifei: "However, we have left a lot of margin, and we have made adjustments to the supply plans for large cities and small cities by region. Even if it exceeds expectations, most places can basically withstand the impact."
……
In the original historical plane, at the beginning of the implementation of the First Five-Year Plan, it was conceived to find an opportunity to increase the wages of workers generally. When a developed socialism is established, the income of workers will also reach the level of a developed socialist country.But later everyone knew the reason, it didn't rise.
Each 5% increase in wages has a good impact on supply, not particularly large.